Difference between revisions of "M117 cone 45 (750 lb)"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | ''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.'' | + | <!--''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''--> |
| − | [[File:M117 cone 45.png| | + | [[File:M117 cone 45.png|right|thumb|Side view of '''M117''' with it's fins mounted 45° in relation to the mounting lugs.]] |
| + | The M117 is a 750-lb demolition bomb designed and built to have a higher blast effect than a standard general-purpose bomb of comparable weight.<ref name="OP 2216" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ordnance crews bolted the conical-type fin assembly to the tapered aft-end of the bomb body before usage. The fin assembly mounting occurred in one of two ways: at 90 degrees (cone 90) or 45 degrees (cone 45) in relation to the mounting lugs. Having multiple mounting options allowed mounting the bombs in bomb bays or on pylons without the fins interfering or knocking into adjacent bombs.<ref name="OP 2216" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The United States began using the M117 in the 1950s during the Korean War and continued through the early 2000s. Several nations, including China, Germany, Israel, Sweden, and Japan, also utilized this bomb. The United States Air Force had issues with early bombs, specifically with the fuses designed to work with older general-purpose bombs from World War II. The faulty fuses led to multiple mishaps where a bomb would detonate within several feet of the aircraft after being jettisoned, destroying the entire aircraft and crew. After the correction of the fuse issue, airborne mishaps virtually stopped.<ref name="Lowery" /> | ||
| + | |||
{{Break}} | {{Break}} | ||
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{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Jet fighters'''}} | {{Navigation-First-Line|'''Jet fighters'''}} | ||
| − | {{Navigation-Line|F-4}}{{Specs-Link|f-4c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f- | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-1}}{{Specs-Link|t2_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|t2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f1}} |
| − | {{Navigation-Line|F-5}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e}} | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-4}}{{Specs-Link|f-4c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej_adtw}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej_kai}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4f}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4f_late}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4f_kws_lv}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4j}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e_kurnass_2000}} |
| − | {{Navigation-Line|F-100}}{{Specs-Link|f-100a_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-100d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-100d_france}} | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-5}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e_aidc}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e_fcu_thailand}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f_20a}} |
| − | {{Navigation-Line|F-104}}{{Specs-Link|f-104c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_italy}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s_asa}} | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-16}}{{Specs-Link|f_16d_block_40_barak_2}} |
| − | {{Navigation-Line| | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-100}}{{Specs-Link|f-100a_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-100d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-100d_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f_100f_china}} |
| + | {{Navigation-Line|F-104}}{{Specs-Link|f-104c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_belgium}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_italy}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s_asa}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s_cb}} | ||
| + | {{Navigation-Line|Kfir}}{{Specs-Link|kfir_c2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|kfir_c7}} | ||
| + | {{Navigation-Line|Nesher}}{{Specs-Link|nesher}} | ||
{{Navigation-Line|'''Strike aircraft'''}} | {{Navigation-Line|'''Strike aircraft'''}} | ||
| + | {{Navigation-Line|A-1H}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_a_1h}} | ||
{{Navigation-Line|A-4}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_late_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4n}} | {{Navigation-Line|A-4}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_late_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4n}} | ||
{{Navigation-Line|A-5}}{{Specs-Link|a_5c}} | {{Navigation-Line|A-5}}{{Specs-Link|a_5c}} | ||
| − | {{Navigation-Line|A-7}}{{Specs-Link|a_7d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_7e}} | + | {{Navigation-Line|A-7}}{{Specs-Link|a_7d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_7e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_7k}} |
{{Navigation-Line|F-105}}{{Specs-Link|f-105d}} | {{Navigation-Line|F-105}}{{Specs-Link|f-105d}} | ||
| − | {{Navigation-Line|SAAB | + | {{Navigation-Line|F-111}}{{Specs-Link|f_111a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f_111f}} |
| + | {{Navigation-Line|SAAB 105}}{{Specs-Link|saab_105g}} | ||
{{Navigation-Line|'''Jet bombers'''}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2b}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2n}} | {{Navigation-Line|'''Jet bombers'''}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2b}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|so_4050_vautour_2n}} | ||
| Line 40: | Line 51: | ||
! colspan="2" | Bomb characteristics | ! colspan="2" | Bomb characteristics | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''Mass''' | + | | '''Mass''' || 362.42 kg (799 lb) |
| − | | 362.42 kg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''Explosive mass''' | + | | '''Explosive mass''' || 175.1 kg |
| − | | 175.1 kg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''Explosive type''' | + | | '''Explosive type''' || Tritonal |
| − | | Tritonal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''TNT equivalent''' | + | | '''TNT equivalent''' || 206.62 kg |
| − | | 206.62 kg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''HE max penetration''' | + | | '''HE max penetration''' || 89 mm |
| − | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''Armour destruction radius''' | + | | '''Armour destruction radius''' || 9 m |
| − | | 9 m | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | '''Fragment dispersion radius''' | + | | '''Fragment dispersion radius''' || 134 m |
| − | | 134 m | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Effective damage === | === Effective damage === | ||
| − | ''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of bomb (high explosive, splash damage, etc)'' | + | <!--''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of bomb (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''--> |
| + | The M117 is a demolition bomb designed to have a higher blast effect than comparable sized general purpose bombs. This allows aircraft to deal more damage per bomb than with conventional general purpose bombs. | ||
=== Comparison with analogues === | === Comparison with analogues === | ||
| Line 70: | Line 75: | ||
== Usage in battles == | == Usage in battles == | ||
| − | ''Describe situations when you would utilise this bomb in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)'' | + | <!-- ''Describe situations when you would utilise this bomb in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)'' --> |
| + | This bomb is very good at destroying bases and can be used against lightly-armoured targets in ground battles due to its large amount of explosive. However, it may not be so easy to destroy top-tier Russian MBTs because of their ERA. | ||
=== Pros and cons === | === Pros and cons === | ||
| − | ''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.'' | + | <!--''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''--> |
'''Pros:''' | '''Pros:''' | ||
| − | * | + | * More powerful blast than standard general purpose bombs |
'''Cons:''' | '''Cons:''' | ||
| − | * | + | * Dumb bomb, once released, cannot be guided to target |
== History == | == History == | ||
| Line 89: | Line 95: | ||
Italian aviators were the first to use bombs in a warfare capacity in 1912 during their campaign of Tripoli. These first bombs were conversions of existing cannon ammunition and were effective only against personnel as they did not provide a strong enough provision to damage hardened equipment or structures. As lifting capacity of aircraft increased, so did the ability for them to carry more and larger explosives. | Italian aviators were the first to use bombs in a warfare capacity in 1912 during their campaign of Tripoli. These first bombs were conversions of existing cannon ammunition and were effective only against personnel as they did not provide a strong enough provision to damage hardened equipment or structures. As lifting capacity of aircraft increased, so did the ability for them to carry more and larger explosives. | ||
| − | For the United States, bomb design did not become a priority until the middle of 1917 when a French official came to the U.S. with several samples of the Gros Andreau bombs which the French were using in large quantities at that time. Immediately these bombs were accepted by the U.S. and used as a standard in developing the first three sizes to be implemented in the military. These three bombs were known as the early "Mark" series, 25 lb Mk.I demolition bomb, 50 lb Mk.I demolition bomb and the 100 lb Mk.I demolition bomb. By December 1917, only six months later, the military put forth requirements for the development of bombs larger than the existing 100 lb bomb. After two more months of development, production of demolition bombs up to 1,000 | + | For the United States, bomb design did not become a priority until the middle of 1917 when a French official came to the U.S. with several samples of the Gros-Andreau bombs which the French were using in large quantities at that time. Immediately these bombs were accepted by the U.S. and used as a standard in developing the first three sizes to be implemented in the military. These three bombs were known as the early "Mark" series, 25 lb Mk.I demolition bomb, 50 lb Mk.I demolition bomb and the 100 lb Mk.I demolition bomb. By December 1917, only six months later, the military put forth requirements for the development of bombs larger than the existing 100 lb bomb. After two more months of development, production of demolition bombs up to 1,000 lb was started. Rejected 3-inch artillery rounds were the basis for early 25 lb bombs which were modified into a streamlined shape, very similar to the British Cooper bombs of the time. Larger bombs were manufactured and filled with explosive filler, all of which were placed into a streamlined body, of which a cylindrical shape was the most advantageous. |
Early on, the Mark series of bombs proved to be largely unsatisfactory in a number of different areas. The bomb body itself was weak due to the sheet metal it was made from and the number of welds needed to join the pieces together. The stabilizing fins were made of flimsy metal which tended to distort during both the handling and flight of the bomb, adversely affecting accuracy. For the field technicians, inserting the fuse was a complicated process which required removing the stabilizing fin structure potentially damaging the fins. The fuses tended to have a high fail rate and due to their design, they would instantly arm after release from the aircraft posing a direct to the delivery aircraft. Later modifications would eliminate many of the negative factors to include adding a nose fuse, time delaying arming of the fuse, strengthening of the stabilizing fins and adding primer detonators to ensure proper explosive train sequences. Other changes including streamlining all bomb bodies and utilising 100% T.N.T. as an explosive filler resulted in the newer "Modified Mark" series of Army bombs. | Early on, the Mark series of bombs proved to be largely unsatisfactory in a number of different areas. The bomb body itself was weak due to the sheet metal it was made from and the number of welds needed to join the pieces together. The stabilizing fins were made of flimsy metal which tended to distort during both the handling and flight of the bomb, adversely affecting accuracy. For the field technicians, inserting the fuse was a complicated process which required removing the stabilizing fin structure potentially damaging the fins. The fuses tended to have a high fail rate and due to their design, they would instantly arm after release from the aircraft posing a direct to the delivery aircraft. Later modifications would eliminate many of the negative factors to include adding a nose fuse, time delaying arming of the fuse, strengthening of the stabilizing fins and adding primer detonators to ensure proper explosive train sequences. Other changes including streamlining all bomb bodies and utilising 100% T.N.T. as an explosive filler resulted in the newer "Modified Mark" series of Army bombs. | ||
| Line 118: | Line 124: | ||
* ''topic on the official game forum;'' | * ''topic on the official game forum;'' | ||
* ''other literature.'' | * ''other literature.'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Citations | ||
| + | |||
| + | <references> | ||
| + | <ref name="OP 2216">NAVWEPS OP 2216 - Volume 1 (1960)</ref> | ||
| + | <ref name="Lowery">Lowery, J. (2019, February 26)</ref> | ||
| + | </references> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Bibliography | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Bureau of Naval Weapons (1960). Aircraft Bombs, Fuzes and Associated Components (Vol. 1). On-Line at [https://www.bulletpicker.com/pdf/OP%202216,%20Aircraft%20Bombs,%20Fuzes,%20and%20Associated%20Components%20(1960 "Bulletpicker.com - Aircraft Bombs, Fuzes and Associated Components").pdf]. Retrieved on 13 November 2023. | ||
| + | * Lowery, John. [https://www.historynet.com/short-fuzes-why-bombs-blew-up-on-fighters-in-the-vietnam-war/ "Why Bombs Blew Up on Fighters in the Vietnam War"], ''Historynet'', On-line, February 2019. Retrieved on 13 November 2023. | ||
{{Bombs}} | {{Bombs}} | ||
[[Category:Suspended armaments]] | [[Category:Suspended armaments]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:52, 28 October 2024
| This page is about the American M117 cone 45 (750 lb) bomb. For other versions, see M117 (Family). |
Contents
Description
The M117 is a 750-lb demolition bomb designed and built to have a higher blast effect than a standard general-purpose bomb of comparable weight.[1]
Ordnance crews bolted the conical-type fin assembly to the tapered aft-end of the bomb body before usage. The fin assembly mounting occurred in one of two ways: at 90 degrees (cone 90) or 45 degrees (cone 45) in relation to the mounting lugs. Having multiple mounting options allowed mounting the bombs in bomb bays or on pylons without the fins interfering or knocking into adjacent bombs.[1]
The United States began using the M117 in the 1950s during the Korean War and continued through the early 2000s. Several nations, including China, Germany, Israel, Sweden, and Japan, also utilized this bomb. The United States Air Force had issues with early bombs, specifically with the fuses designed to work with older general-purpose bombs from World War II. The faulty fuses led to multiple mishaps where a bomb would detonate within several feet of the aircraft after being jettisoned, destroying the entire aircraft and crew. After the correction of the fuse issue, airborne mishaps virtually stopped.[2]
Vehicles equipped with this weapon
| Vehicles equipped with this weapon | |
|---|---|
| Jet fighters | |
| F-1 | T-2 Early · T-2 · F-1 |
| F-4 | F-4C Phantom II · F-4E Phantom II · F-4EJ Phantom II · F-4EJ ADTW · F-4EJ Kai Phantom II · ◄F-4F Early · ◄F-4F · ◄F-4F KWS LV · F-4J Phantom II · F-4S Phantom II · Kurnass · Kurnass 2000 |
| F-5 | F-5A · ␗F-5A · F-5C · F-5E · ␗F-5E · ▄F-5E FCU · F-20A |
| F-16 | F-16D Barak II |
| F-100 | ␗F-100A · F-100D · ▄F-100D · ␗F-100F |
| F-104 | F-104C · ◄F-104G · ␗F-104G · ▄F-104G · ▄F-104G · F-104S · F-104S.ASA · ▄F-104S TAF |
| Kfir | Kfir C.2 · Kfir C.7 |
| Nesher | Nesher |
| Strike aircraft | |
| A-1H | A-1H |
| A-4 | A-4E Early · A-4E · Ayit |
| A-5 | A-5C |
| A-7 | A-7D · A-7E · A-7K |
| F-105 | F-105D |
| F-111 | F-111A · F-111F |
| SAAB 105 | SAAB-105G |
| Jet bombers | S.O.4050 Vautour IIA · S.O.4050 Vautour IIB · S.O.4050 Vautour IIN |
General info
| Bomb characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Mass | 362.42 kg (799 lb) |
| Explosive mass | 175.1 kg |
| Explosive type | Tritonal |
| TNT equivalent | 206.62 kg |
| HE max penetration | 89 mm |
| Armour destruction radius | 9 m |
| Fragment dispersion radius | 134 m |
Effective damage
The M117 is a demolition bomb designed to have a higher blast effect than comparable sized general purpose bombs. This allows aircraft to deal more damage per bomb than with conventional general purpose bombs.
Comparison with analogues
Give a comparative description of bombs that have firepower equal to this weapon.
Usage in battles
This bomb is very good at destroying bases and can be used against lightly-armoured targets in ground battles due to its large amount of explosive. However, it may not be so easy to destroy top-tier Russian MBTs because of their ERA.
Pros and cons
Pros:
- More powerful blast than standard general purpose bombs
Cons:
- Dumb bomb, once released, cannot be guided to target
History
Early in aviation history, applications for aircraft to serve in a military capacity surfaced, not only with the intent to scout a battlefield from an aerial vantage point but for the possibility to drop explosive bombs too. Due to the frail nature of the early wood-frame and cloth covered aircraft, lifting capacity resulted in the ability to only carry small bombs. Effectively these early bombers were hailed as aerial artillery fire which could reach targets hundreds of miles further than the most powerful land-based cannons of the time. Prior to the war, contests abounded where pilots would drop oranges or flour sacks upon predesignated targets to see who could hit closes to the centre.
Italian aviators were the first to use bombs in a warfare capacity in 1912 during their campaign of Tripoli. These first bombs were conversions of existing cannon ammunition and were effective only against personnel as they did not provide a strong enough provision to damage hardened equipment or structures. As lifting capacity of aircraft increased, so did the ability for them to carry more and larger explosives.
For the United States, bomb design did not become a priority until the middle of 1917 when a French official came to the U.S. with several samples of the Gros-Andreau bombs which the French were using in large quantities at that time. Immediately these bombs were accepted by the U.S. and used as a standard in developing the first three sizes to be implemented in the military. These three bombs were known as the early "Mark" series, 25 lb Mk.I demolition bomb, 50 lb Mk.I demolition bomb and the 100 lb Mk.I demolition bomb. By December 1917, only six months later, the military put forth requirements for the development of bombs larger than the existing 100 lb bomb. After two more months of development, production of demolition bombs up to 1,000 lb was started. Rejected 3-inch artillery rounds were the basis for early 25 lb bombs which were modified into a streamlined shape, very similar to the British Cooper bombs of the time. Larger bombs were manufactured and filled with explosive filler, all of which were placed into a streamlined body, of which a cylindrical shape was the most advantageous.
Early on, the Mark series of bombs proved to be largely unsatisfactory in a number of different areas. The bomb body itself was weak due to the sheet metal it was made from and the number of welds needed to join the pieces together. The stabilizing fins were made of flimsy metal which tended to distort during both the handling and flight of the bomb, adversely affecting accuracy. For the field technicians, inserting the fuse was a complicated process which required removing the stabilizing fin structure potentially damaging the fins. The fuses tended to have a high fail rate and due to their design, they would instantly arm after release from the aircraft posing a direct to the delivery aircraft. Later modifications would eliminate many of the negative factors to include adding a nose fuse, time delaying arming of the fuse, strengthening of the stabilizing fins and adding primer detonators to ensure proper explosive train sequences. Other changes including streamlining all bomb bodies and utilising 100% T.N.T. as an explosive filler resulted in the newer "Modified Mark" series of Army bombs.
Prior to World War II, the military determined that the Modified Mark series of bombs were obsolete requiring newer and up-to-date bombs to be developed. Both the U.S. Army and Navy began development of their own series of bombs, the Army with the "M" series and the Navy with their "Mk" series. Both similar, these bombs were designed with parallel sides, an ogival nose and a boat tail which is a box type-tail reinforced to prevent warping and aid with accurate drops. Due to the shortage of T.N.T., the Army filled their bombs with 50/50 Amatol with T.N.T. ends to seal in the Amatol and protect it from moisture. The Navy, on the other hand, continued to manufacture their bombs with 100% T.N.T.
With the approach of World War II, the U.S. Army (including the Army Air Corps) and the Navy standardized their series of bombs allowing for interchanging between services, consolidating manufacturing capabilities and allowing for modifications which enabled British service aircraft to mount these bombs too. Even after the standardization of bombs in 1941, the standardization process went through a few phases of further refinement, the first of which changed all high-explosive bombs to be termed general purpose (G.P.) or general purpose high-explosive (G.P.H.E). Later the designation of demolition bomb would come back for a few specific bombs.
When bombs are dropped, there is always a chance that something in the explosive train of the bomb will fail and it will not explode. Early AN style bombs were defusable in the event they did not explode on contact, meaning that any unexploded AN bomb could have the fuses and boosters removed without the bomb exploding, rendering it inert. To counter this and allow for the potential "dud" bomb to explode when tampered with, the AN G.P.H.E. series bombs with the modification "A1" annotated that these bombs now had special pins mounted in the bomb's baseplate which fused with the explosive filler making it impossible to remove the booster without causing the bomb to detonate. Other modifications later added would include minor changes to the bomb body or the type of explosive filling used. During this time a second option for bomb tails was added, the box-type tail was already the mainstay of the bombs, however, to create a more aerodynamic bomb a conical tail assembly was added. This stretched out low profile tail improved the aerodynamics of the carrying aircraft, allowing it to carry more ordnance.
Progressing towards the Korean and Vietnam wars, piston-driven aircraft were giving way to jet fighters, bombers and attackers, many of which carried their ordnance on external pylons hung under the wing or underbelly. The new Mk 80 series bombs (Mk 81, 82, 83 and 84) were developed to keep external hung ordnance from creating too much drag on the delivery aircraft. Initially, the Mk 81 250 lb bombs were considered ineffective for their size or required a large amount to be effective and were removed from the munitions inventory. All-weather fighters and attackers were now being outfitted with the Mk series bombs and a new problem developed when it came to low-altitude attacks (typically coming in under low cloud cover) where the aircraft would deploy its ordnance which would hit the ground and explode catching the delivery aircraft in either the explosive blast or the shock-wave from the blast.
Modifications were developed to slow down or retard the flight of bombs, allowing for the delivery aircraft to depart out of the blast zone before they hit and detonated. Several options became available which allowed these bombs to remain aerodynamic low-drag while en-route to the target, but when deployed converted to high-drag, slower falling bombs. One option was to attach four bladed plates to the rear of the bomb so that when the bomb deployed, these plates would pop out and create high-drag to slow the fall. Another option was to use a ballute which was basically an airbag which deployed from the rear of the bomb that acted like a drogue chute, effectively causing high-drag. Later during the fighting in Iraq, the US military brought back the 250 lb Mk 81 bombs due to their ability to be used when deploying against a specific target and to help minimize collateral damage.
Media
Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.
See also
External links
Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:
- topic on the official game forum;
- other literature.
References
- Citations
- Bibliography
- Bureau of Naval Weapons (1960). Aircraft Bombs, Fuzes and Associated Components (Vol. 1). On-Line at "Bulletpicker.com - Aircraft Bombs, Fuzes and Associated Components").pdf. Retrieved on 13 November 2023.
- Lowery, John. "Why Bombs Blew Up on Fighters in the Vietnam War", Historynet, On-line, February 2019. Retrieved on 13 November 2023.
