Bofors L/60 Mark 1 (40 mm)

The 40 mm Bofors L/60 Mark 1 on Fletcher (DD-445).

Description

The 40 mm Bofors L/60 Mark 1 is a naval anti-aircraft twin mounting that consists of two water-cooled, US-produced Bofors 40 mm L/60 guns. The Bofors 40 mm L/60, also known as the "Bofors L/60", the "Bofors gun", or simply "the Bofors", was a highly successful Swedish anti-aircraft gun design of the interwar period and was widely used during the Second World War by both sides and in all theatres and remained in service long after the end of WWII.

General info

The Bofors L/60 Mark 1 has a barrel diameter of 40 mm and has a barrel length of 2.25 m. It has a magazine size of 4 rounds per gun and has a rate of fire of 156 rounds per minute, though firing for too long will jam the gun.

Available ammunition

Depending on the vehicle, there are up to three belts available:

• Universal: AP-T · HEFI-T
• 40 mm HE clips: HEFI-T · HEFI-T · HEFI-T · AP-T
• 40 mm AP clips: AP-T · AP-T · AP-T · HEFI-T

Penetration statistics
Ammunition	Type of warhead	Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
		10 m	100 m	500 m	1,000 m	1,500 m	2,000 m
40 mm HEFI-T	HEFI-T	3	3	3	3	3	3
40 mm AP-T	AP-T	81	78	68	58	49	41

Shell details
Ammunition	Type of warhead	Velocity (m/s)	Projectile mass (kg)	Fuse delay (m)	Fuse sensitivity (mm)	Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (g)	Ricochet
							0%	50%	100%
40 mm HEFI-T	HEFI-T	874	0.9	0	0.1	67.13	79°	80°	81°
40 mm AP-T	AP-T	874	0.89	N/A	N/A	N/A	47°	60°	65°

Comparison with analogues

All naval Bofors 40 mm L60 guns are virtually identical, the only difference between them being the rate of fire: all single mounts fire at 160 rpm, while twin and quadruple mounts fire at 156 rpm. They all fire the same ammunition from 4-round ammunition clips and have a short enough reload that they can sustain continuous fire as if there wasn't a reload at all. In other words, their cyclic rate of fire (mechanical rate of fire) is the same as their effective rate of fire (rate of fire with reload times taken into account). All naval Bofors 40 mm L60 guns can jam if fired for too long.

The only naval Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun currently present in the game is the MEL58, which is, by and large, superior with a much higher rate of fire of 240 rounds per minute. The only other difference is the HE round: the MEL58's HE round has less explosive mass (36.25 g TNT equivalent), but it has a higher muzzle velocity (1,030 m/s).

The 4 cm Bofors Flak 28 is the only naval Bofors gun in-game with access to a pure HE ammunition choice, at the cost of not having any AP options. Every other naval Bofors gun has ammunition choices comprised of a mix of HE and AP, in ratios of 1:1, 3:1, or 1:3.

Compared to other common guns of similar calibre:

• 3,7 cm SK C/30 (37 mm): The 3,7 cm SK C/30 has a higher muzzle velocity for both its AP and HE rounds (1,000 m/s) and has a stronger AP round (87 mm @ 10 m, 0°; 37.4 g TNTeq); but it has a much slower rate of fire (30 rpm), has a weaker HE round (27.4 g TNTeq), and has a lower projectile mass for both its AP round (0.82 kg) and HE round (0.75 kg). This gun is single-shot and cannot jam.

• 3,7 cm FlaK-Lafette C/36 (37 mm) and 3,7 cm FlaK-Lafette LM/42 (37 mm): These guns have a higher rate of fire (250 rpm), but they have a lower muzzle velocity for both their AP round (845 m/s) and HE round (815 m/s), have a weaker AP round (67 mm @ 10 m, 0°) and a weaker HE round (44.03 g TNT equivalent), and have a lower projectile mass for both their AP round (0.7 kg) and HE round (0.623 kg). These guns fire from a 5-round ammunition clip and have a very quick reload, so their cyclic rate of fire and effective rate of fire are practically identical. They cannot jam.

• 70-K (37 mm): The 70-K has a higher muzzle velocity for its HE round (880 m/s); but it has has a lower rate of fire (150 rpm), has a lower muzzle velocity for its AP round (880 m/s), has a weaker AP round (79 mm @ 10 m, 0°) and a weaker HE round (56.98 g TNTeq), and has a lower projectile mass in both its AP round (0.758 kg) and HE round (0.72 kg). It fires from a 500-round magazine and can jam if fired for too long.

• 2pdr QF Mk.IIc (40 mm) and 2pdr QF Mk.VIII (40 mm): These guns have a higher rate of fire (200 rpm) and have a lower projectile mass in their AP round (0.91 kg); but they have a lower muzzle velocity for its AP and HE rounds (701 m/s), have a weaker AP round (60 mm @ 10 m, 0°) and a weaker HE round (71 g TNTeq), and have a lower projectile mass in both their HE round (0.82 kg). They fire from a 56 round magazine and cannot jam.

Usage in battles

One of the best medium-range anti-aircraft cannons in the game, the Bofors L/60 Mark 1 provides very good AA coverage for any ship that it's mounted on. With a 9.86 g TNT equivalent explosive charge in each HE round, any hit on an enemy aircraft will usually result in critical damage, if not a kill. The rounds that this gun fires have an above-average muzzle velocity and projectile mass, resulting in a much further effective range than guns of a similar calibre: laterally (i.e. targeting surface targets), the maximum range is about 3.25 km. This is most prevalent on patrol boats and other smaller vessels because it allows those equipped with the Bofors L/60 Mark 1 to knock out enemies safely outside the maximum range of almost every other autocannon (most notably, the German 2 cm/65 C/38, which have a maximum range of roughly 2 km).

Despite the gun's small magazine size of only four rounds, the reload is short enough that there isn't any noticeable difference between its cyclic rate of fire (the rate of fire only considering the mechanical speed of the gun) and its effective rate of fire (the rate of fire accounting for reload times). In other words, it can sustain virtually continuous fire, as if there was no reloading at all. However, this comes at the cost that if fired for too long, the gun can jam. For this reason, it can be advantageous to set the AI gunners to only target aircraft. If allowed to target surface targets, the AI gunners will often waste ammunition on targets well outside of the gun's maximum range, leaving the guns jammed when actually needed.

The main ammunition choice to take should be 40 mm HE clips since it contains the highest ratio of HE to AP rounds. On patrol boats and other smaller vessels though, a small amount of 40 mm AP clips should also be taken to deal with any armoured targets that may come up. With a maximum penetration of 80 mm, the AP rounds trivialize most armour that they come across. AP can also be used when an enemy is approaching straight on, in which case an already destroyed bow compartment will tank most HE damage; the AP rounds can pass through and deal damage to the rear of the boat. On destroyers though, there is no reason at all to take the AP clips. While the AP rounds do have a very gun penetration for its calibre, armoured targets are more effectively dealt with using the destroyer's main armament anyway. With the 40 mm HE clips, the Bofors L/60 Mark 1 will have the highest effectiveness against its intended targets: aircraft and small boats.

Pros and cons

Pros:

• Large explosive mass in HE round
• High-penetration AP round
• Very quick reload
• Large range

Cons:

• Can jam if fired for too long

History

In 1928, the Swedish Royal Navy contracted the Bofors Company to design a suitable replacement for their Vickers 2-pounder guns anti-aircraft guns (the Vickers "Pom-Poms"). Work on the design began right away and a prototype model was produced by mid-1930. The prototype had a vertical sliding breech block design and was automatic. Upon firing, the recoil of the gun would open the breech and eject the spent casing out its rear whilst an autoloading mechanism would insert the next round into the empty breech, after which the action of the gun sliding back into place would close the breech once again, leaving the gun ready to fire once more.

While proving the potential of the design, the prototype failed to meet the specified rate of fire requirement of 130 rounds per minute. It wasn't until 1934 that a production model, 40 mm L/60 Model 1934, was ready. In the following years, minor improvements led to the development of 40 mm L/60 Model 1936, which would finally be accepted into Swedish service as 40 mm/60 Model 1936. Despite its name, the barrel length of the 40 mm L/60 Model 1936 was actually 2250 mm (56.25 calibres).

Interest for the gun began in the United States in 1937 when the US Army purchased and tested a Model 1936. In 1939, York Safe and Lock Company employees were sent to Sweden for a demonstration of the gun. In 1940, the gun was demonstrated to the US Navy Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) by the Dutch frigate HNLMS Van Kinsbergen in the Caribbeans. Impressed by its capabilities, BuOrd purchased its own Model 1936 for further testing. With the approval of BuOrd, representatives of York Safe and Lock Co. were sent to Sweden to negotiate for and acquire the rights to the produce the gun in America. The license was eventually acquired on July 21, 1941, though limited production had illegally begun prior to this using British blueprints. Nevertheless, the designs acquired from Bofors Company had many problems that made them unfit for both mass production and use on USN warships.

There were several problems with the Model 1936 design that made it unacceptable for naval service. First, the original design was air-cooled, which limited its firing time; the gun in USN service would have to be water-cooled. Second, replacement of the barrel, which might have to be done in combat, was very time consuming; the barrel screw design was changed to an interrupted screw so that a 90° turn was enough to lock it in place. Third, the original gun was hand-trained and traversed too slowly; an electric drive was needed. Fourth, the fuses in the Swedish ammunition design were far too sensitive for conditions at sea; the much more precise Mark 27 fuse was developed as a replacement, and adopted by both the United States and Britain.

Next are the mass production problems, the first of which was that the original designs were written in Swedish, used metric units, and drawn using first-angle projection; all notes would need to be translated to English, all measurements to Imperial units, and all technical drawings to third-angle projections, the US industrial standard. Another issue was that the specified production methods for many of its parts were very inefficient; many parts originally made by hand would have to be redesigned to be done by automatic or semi-automatic machines. In addition, the dimensions of many parts on the blueprints were not the same as those from the finished product. This was because many parts were originally intended to be hand-fitted on final assembly, making every gun slightly different; to ensure total interchangeability of parts, all parts would have to be produced under such precise tolerances than they all fit together smoothly upon final assembly, eliminating any need for hand-fitting. Altogether, these problems would waste valuable materials, machine time, and man-hours, and because of the variability between each gun, field maintenance of the gun would be extremely difficult. The monumental task of fixing these mass production problems was given to York Safe and Lock Co. for the production of naval Bofors guns, and as a result, radical changes were made to the original design. Chrysler Corporation was contracted by the US Army for the production of army guns and coordinated with York to ensure that all measurements matched between naval and army versions.

Eventually, York Safe and Lock Co. fell out of the program. Production of both army and navy versions of the Bofors gun was then given to Chrysler Corporation: the Chrysler division produced the breech and recoil cylinder, the DeSoto division produced the breech casing, the Dodge division produced the loading tray, the Chrysler Hyland Park Plant produced the barrels and water jackets (two of each were produced for every gun), the Plymouth division produced the automatic loader and did final assembly of the gun, and over 2,000 subcontractors and other Chrysler plants produced miscellaneous parts. In addition to all previous changes, Chrysler further improved efficiency wherever they could. In the end, the changes to the design and production reduced the time to assemble a single gun from 450 hours to 11 hours and saved 7.5 million pounds of material and 1.9 million man-hours over just one year. Chrysler produced both single and twin guns for the US Navy.

The twin guns were essentially two mirrored single guns strapped together — the left and right guns were designated 40 mm/56 Mark 1 and Mark 2 respectively — and were what the Mark 1 Twin mount used. The guns were mounted in the center of the mount with two crewmen seated on either side. The crewman on the right-hand side of the guns was the gun trainer; he trained the guns horizontally by turning a crank. The crewman on the left-hand side was the gun pointer; he elevated the guns in the same manner and also fired them by pressing a foot pedal. The guns could be toggled between single-fire and full-automatic modes with a switch on the pointer's side. In full-automatic mode, the guns could fire at around 120 rounds per minute. The mount was electrically driven and could train at a rate of 26°/s and could elevate at a rate of 24°/s between -15° and 90°. The mount could also be remotely controlled by a Mark 51 fire control system crewed by its own pointer and range setter. Behind the gun pointer and trainer was a platform on which stood the mount captain and two 1st loaders, one for each gun. In combat, a line of ammunition passers formed to pass ammunition from the storage along to the 1st loaders. Ammunition was produced in 4-round clips with both HE and AP clips, as well as self-destructing variants — set to explode between 4,000 and 5,000 yds. (3,700 - 4,570 m) — of both, being produced. Ammunition was loaded into the top of each gun into their ammunition trays. Spent casings were ejected out the rear of each gun and sent down chutes towards the front of the gun, where they were flung safely away from the crew. The guns of the Mark 1 Twin mount were water-cooled and had water jackets, the coolant tanks and pumps for which were located at the rear of the mount. Altogether, the Mark 1 Twin mount could weigh up to 13,000 lbs. (5,897 kg).

The Mark 1 Twin mount began production early 1942 and entered service in July 1942, mounted on the destroyer USS Coghlan (DD-606). The USN standard medium anti-aircraft gun at the time was the 1.1"/75 "Chicago Piano" gun was unreliable and largely inadequate as an AA gun. The Bofors gun was quickly adopted as the new standard medium AA gun and began to be mounted on virtually every ship in the US Navy. The United States also supplied Britain, the USSR, and several other nations with Bofors guns as part of the Lend-Lease policy. In 1945 though, the Bofors gun, too, was determined by the US Navy to be insufficient and development for a replacement, the 3"/50 gun, was started. However, the development was long and the replacement program was slow. As a result, the Bofors gun remained in well into the 1970s. Over the course of World War II, almost 10,000 Mark 1 Twin mounts were produced.

Media

Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.

See also

Related development

• Bofors (40 mm) (Family)

External links

• NavWeaps - USA Bofors 40 mm L/60 Model 1936
• York Blog - A Road Named N.O.P., Arsenal and Whiteford; Part 2 – Bofors at York Safe & Lock Co.
• allpar.com - Chrysler Corporation, Gun Maker: Bofors Guns of World War II
• [Wikipedia] Bofors 40 mm gun

Japan naval cannons
20 mm	JM61 · Type 98
25 mm	25 mm/60 Type 96
37 mm	Type 4 · Type 11 pattern 1922
40 mm	40 mm/62 Vickers
57 mm	Type 97
75 mm	Type 88 AA
76 mm	3-inch/40 Type 41 · 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type · 8 cm/60 Type 98
100 mm	100/65 mm Type 98 mod A
120 mm	120 mm/45 3rd Year Type · 120 mm/45 10th year type
127 mm	5 inch/40 Type 89 · 127 mm/50 3rd Year Type
140 mm	140 mm/50 3rd Year Type
152 mm	6-inch/45 Type 41 · 15 cm/50 Type 41
155 mm	155 mm/60 3rd Year Type
200 mm	20 cm 3rd year type No.1
203 mm	20 cm/45 Type 41 · 20 cm/50 3rd year type No.2
356 mm	36 cm/45 Type 41
410 mm	410 mm/45 Type 3
	Foreign:
20 mm	20 mm/70 Oerlikon Mk.II (USA/Britain)
40 mm	Bofors L/60 Mark 1 (USA) · Bofors L/60 Mark 2 (USA) · Bofors L/60 Mark 3 (USA)
47 mm	3 pdr QF Hotchkiss (Britain)
76 mm	3-inch Mark 10 (USA) · 3 inch Mk.33 (USA) · 3-inch Mk.34 (USA)
120 mm	4,7-inch/40 Armstrong (Britain)
127 mm	5 inch/38 Mk.12 (USA)
305 mm	12-inch/45 Vickers (Britain) · 12-inch/50 Vickers (Britain)