Japanese Ground Vehicle History

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Historic Overview

Main article: Japanese tank naming

Interwar

After World War 1 ended, Japan followed suit to the new development of tanks after their own attempts at mechanizing their cavalry with armoured car experiments, which didn't suit the poor roads and extreme winter conditions in Manchuria. The Japanese Army therefore bought the following vehicles from their then Allied nations to kickstart Japanese tank development; one British Heavy Mk. IV (Female), several Medium Mk. A "Whippet" and a dozen French Renault "FT"s

With their new tanks fully acquired by 1919, tank studies and research could commence in 1920 with Army command undergoing discussion how tank usage, doctrine and organization should be handled. By 1925 the first Japanese tank battalion (later upgraded to the 1st Tank Regiment) was established together with a new tank school. The structuring of the Japanese tank force primarily relied around a main force of light tanks (<10t) with the support of "Heavy" tanks at (<20t) and setting its goal of 3 light tank battalion (190 vehicles) and 1 heavy tank battalion (30 vehicles). But with the limited imported tanks for ambitious plans of a whole new armoured tank force would requires more tanks. The first idea was negotiating for a outsourced tank, saving the costs of designing and producing domestic tanks. Starting with the British who prioritized upgrading its own army and could not afford production, with the Japanese dismissing tank designs by the American John W. Christie with concerns for suspension and track reliability left them to consider buying more FTs from the French who were too busy developing their latest tank. This sparked the start of Japanese domestic tanks being favoured over buying technologically obsolete tanks just to fill ranks, with behind the scenes tracked vehicle development was already proving worthwhile.

Imported tanks (1917-1930)
Origin	Vehicle	Amount	Year Developed	Japanese Introduction
Britain	Mark IV Heavy Tank	1	1917	1918
Britain	Mark A Medium Tank, Whippet	3-6*	1917	1919
France	Renault "FT" Light Tank	20*	1917	1919
France	Saint-Chamond mod. 1921	1	1921	1924
Britain	Mark C Medium Tank, Vickers Mk III	1	1921	1927
Italy	Fiat 3000	2	1921	1928
France	Renault "NC" Light Tank	23	1927	1930
Britain	Mark E Light Tank, Vickers 6 ton	1	1928	1930
Britain	Mark VIb Tankette, Carden Loyd Tankette	2+6	1927	1930

Note About "Chi-I" (Prototype No.1) and "Chi-Ro" (I-Go):

While internally these vehicles were retroactively counted into the Japanese IRoHa tank naming* (chi-I, chi-RO, chi-HA, ...) these never were actually referred to as Chi-I and Chi-Ro*.

Prototype No.1 & No.2 (Type 91 Heavy) were never adopted for service, and never got a "proper name / designation", the I-Go was the first adopted tank and was named under the short lived "X-Go" naming, also going of the IRoHa, with the scheme simply translating to "Xth - Tank":

I-go = 1st Tank, RO-go = 2nd Tank, HA-go = 3rd Tank

*I have yet to confirm this properly, but I'm 90% confident to my own knowledge I have over this so far

Type 95 Ro-Go, a later iteration on the fundamental first Japanese design

The Army Technology Headquarters approved the development of a domestic tank, spearheaded by Tomio Hara, a young Japanese officer who after plenty of tank studies and advocation for Japanese tank development would become the father of many Japanese tank designs and principals. His and domestically first Japanese tank eventually resulted into, simply known as, the 試製一号戦車 (Prototype Tank No.1) often referred to as the Type 87 Chi-I which was developed under a tight deadline. With most of the struggles not coming from designing the tank itself, the Japanese industry simply didn't have the tools or manufacturing set-up for tank development, with the Army opting to utilize the Osaka Arsenal (State Weapons Factory) instead of the then new and fragile Automotive industry which meant all parts had to be precisely crafted with 10,000s of blueprints drawn up for everything together. With the prototype finished by February, 1927, just a month short of its 22 month deadline to March, the tank was tested at famous Fuji training range by June 21. After civilians and military personnel alike watching the First Japanese tank in motion, tests concluded that it was far superior over its Western imports in both handling, firepower and easy operation and established a confidence in domestic tank design.

Type 89 I-Go, First mass produced, Japanese and diesel powered, tank (Otsu)

While the first Japanese tank reinforced the development and research into domestic tanks, the prototype was far too heavy at 18 tonnes at a requested of 12 tonnes, and prompted Tomio back to the drawing board for a lighter main tank at around 10 tonnes, with development inspired by the 1927 British imported Vickers Medium Mk.C (Export Vicker Medium Mk.III, not to be confused with the Medium Mk.C "Hornet"). By 1929 the new I-Go was ready and its first prototype rolled out of Osaka Arsenal, and further mass production was assigned to Mitsubishi Aircraft, which would continue to mass-produce most of the Japanese tanks afterwards to this day. By the time of adoption, it would be known as the Type 89 "I-Go" Light Tank, as its prototype only weighed at around 9 ton, and production weighed in at 11.8 ton, this would only change to become the Type 89 "I-Go" Medium Tank after Headquarters reviewed its tank doctrine, added the new role of medium tank instead of just light and heavy, and replaced its light tank role to the Type 95 "Ha-Go" Light Tank. While production of Japan's new main-line tank just started, the Army still decided to buy more Western tanks to bolster and replace older models while also learning out of the newest advances their Western counterparts were making in 1930, Buying multiple Renault "NC"s from France, and several British Carden Loyd tankettes and Vickers 6-Ton tanks. The tankette was like multi turreted designs, a venture the Japanese felt was a required branch of tank that had to be developed, with multiple attempts at building tankettes, finding mobility a nice feature in-combat and scouting but lacking any serious use case due to the limited firepower and limited development possibility of a MG armed tank.

Type 95 Ha-Go, Japan's most numerous produced tank

With the early-mid 1930s rolling by, Japan uses its newly established tank forces in Manchuria and Chinese border skirmish battles, proving the values of Japanese tanks. Though the advancements in the automotive industry increased the mobility of mechanized infantry units, averaging 40 km/h divisional speed, kept the heavier and slow I-Go behind which maxed out at 25 km/h, and that staggered down to 12 - 8 km/h off-road, which for frontline movement under infantry marches was good enough. With the Japanese focus on light tanks as a main force and an increasing max speed for mobility, the 1928 I-Go design started falling behind for the mid 30s and a replacement was in-order. With the previous imported British tanks, development resulted into the new main tank of the Japanese Army, the Type 95 "Ha-Go" Light Tank.