Difference between revisions of "Mk.VIII (533 mm)"
m (U38088265 moved page Mark VIII to Mk.VIII (533 mm): Renamed to match in-game name) |
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| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | {{DISPLAYTITLE: | + | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Mk.VIII (533 mm)}} |
<div class="ttx"> | <div class="ttx"> | ||
| − | <div class="ttx-title"> | + | <div class="ttx-title">Mk.VIII</div> |
<div class="ttx-image">[[File:Torpedo Mark VIII.jpg]]</div> | <div class="ttx-image">[[File:Torpedo Mark VIII.jpg]]</div> | ||
<div class="ttx-table"> | <div class="ttx-table"> | ||
<div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Information</div> | <div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Information</div> | ||
<div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Ship-launched Torpedo</span><span class="ttx-name">Type</span></div> | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Ship-launched Torpedo</span><span class="ttx-name">Type</span></div> | ||
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Britain [[File:Britain_flag.png]]</span><span class="ttx-name"> | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Britain [[File:Britain_flag.png]]</span><span class="ttx-name">County of Origin</span></div> |
<div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">General Characteristics</div> | <div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">General Characteristics</div> | ||
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value"> | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">533 mm (21")</span><span class="ttx-name">Diameter</span></div> |
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">6. | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">6.579 m (21'7")</span><span class="ttx-name">Length</span></div> |
<div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">1,566 kg</span><span class="ttx-name">Mass</span></div> | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">1,566 kg</span><span class="ttx-name">Mass</span></div> | ||
| + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">84 km/h</span><span class="ttx-name">{{Annotation|Max Speed|Maximum speed in water}}</span></div> | ||
| + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">4.57 km</span><span class="ttx-name">{{Annotation|Max Range|Travel distance}}</span></div> | ||
| + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">1 m</span><span class="ttx-name">Depth Stroke</span></div> | ||
| + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">50 m</span><span class="ttx-name">Arming Distance</span></div> | ||
<div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">TNT</span><span class="ttx-name">Explosive Type</span></div> | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">TNT</span><span class="ttx-name">Explosive Type</span></div> | ||
<div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">327 kg</span><span class="ttx-name">Explosive Mass</span></div> | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">327 kg</span><span class="ttx-name">Explosive Mass</span></div> | ||
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value"> | + | <div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">{{Annotation|Torpedo Mode|Performance changes with 'Torpedo Mode' modification installed}}</div> |
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value"> | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">76 km/h</span><span class="ttx-name">{{Annotation|Max Speed|Maximum speed in water, with 'Torpedo Mode' modification installed}}</span></div> |
| − | <div class="ttx-table-line">< | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">6.40 km</span><span class="ttx-name">{{Annotation|Max Range|Travel Distance, with 'Torpedo Mode' modification installed}}</span></div> |
| − | + | <div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Production History</div> | |
| − | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Royal Navy</span><span class="ttx-name">Designer</span></div> | |
| − | + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">Full Production</span><span class="ttx-name">Production Status</span></div> | |
| + | <div class="ttx-table-line"><span class="ttx-value">1927 - 1945</span><span class="ttx-name">Produced</span></div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 24: | Line 29: | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
<!-- ''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.'' --> | <!-- ''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.'' --> | ||
| − | The | + | The Mk.VIII torpedo is a British 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo mounted on many destroyers and motor torpedo boats in the British tech tree. Other 21-inch British torpedoes include the [[Mk.V (533 mm)]] and the [[Mk.IX (533 mm)]]. |
=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon === | === Vehicles equipped with this weapon === | ||
<!-- ''List out vehicles that are equipped with the weapon.'' --> | <!-- ''List out vehicles that are equipped with the weapon.'' --> | ||
| + | * {{Specs-Link|uk_mtb_vosper_2series}} | ||
| + | * {{Specs-Link|uk_dark_class_mtb}} | ||
| + | * {{Specs-Link|uk_sgb_304}} | ||
* {{Specs-Link|uk_brave_borderer}} | * {{Specs-Link|uk_brave_borderer}} | ||
| − | * {{Specs-Link| | + | * {{Specs-Link|uk_fairmile_d_617_632}} |
| + | * {{Specs-Link|uk_fairmile_d_5001_5029}} | ||
* {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_clemson_churchill}} | * {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_clemson_churchill}} | ||
* {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_g_grafton}} | * {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_g_grafton}} | ||
* {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_haida}} | * {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_haida}} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== General info == | == General info == | ||
| − | ''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the torpedo.'' | + | <!--''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the torpedo.''--> |
| + | The Mk.VIII torpedo has a diameter of 533 mm, a length of 6.579 m, and weighs 1,566 kg. Without the Torpedo Mode modification installed, it can travel at a maximum speed of 84 km/h for 4.57 km. With it installed, the maximum range is increased to 6.40 km, but the maximum speed is reduced to 76 km/h. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
| + | ! colspan="2" | '''Torpedo Mode Specification Changes''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! Max Distance (m) | ||
| + | ! Max Speed (m/s) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | +1830 || -1 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
=== Effective damage === | === Effective damage === | ||
| − | ''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of torpedo (high explosive, splash damage, etc)'' | + | <!--''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of torpedo (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''--> |
| + | The Mk.IX torpedo carries a 340 kg TNT warhead, which is fairly middling compared to other torpedoes. Destroyers and other smaller vessels can be destroyed by a single hit, but cruisers, especially heavy cruisers, may be able to survive multiple hits, depending on where the hit occurred. | ||
=== Comparison with analogues === | === Comparison with analogues === | ||
| − | ''Give a comparative description of torpedoes that have firepower equal to this weapon.'' | + | <!--''Give a comparative description of torpedoes that have firepower equal to this weapon.''--> |
| + | Compared to all other ship-launched torpedoes in the British tech tree: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Mark XII]]: An 18-inch torpedo, the Mark XII has a lower maximum speed (69 km/h), has a lower maximum range (3.2 km), and has a much smaller explosive mass (176 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mark XII has a slightly lower maximum speed (74 km/h) and has a much lower maximum range (1.37 km). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Mark XV]]: An improved Mark XII, the Mark XV has a larger explosive mass (385 kg TNT equivalence); but it has a lower maximum speed (61 km/h) and has a lower maximum range (3.2 km). with the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mark XV has a much lower maximum speed (54 km/h) and has a lower maximum range (5 km). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Mk.V (533 mm)]]: The earliest of the British 21-inch torpedoes, the Mk.V has a lower maximum speed (74 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (305 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.V has a much higher maximum range (12.35 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (46 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Mk.IX (533 mm)]]: A further development of the 21-inch torpedo, the Mk.IX has a much higher maximum range (9.6 km) and has a larger explosive mass (340 kg TNT equivalence); but it has a lower maximum speed (67 km/h). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.IX has a much higher maximum range (12.35 km), but it has a much lower maximum range (56 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Compared to common torpedoes mounted on destroyers and cruisers among other nations: | ||
| + | * [[Mk.15 (533 mm)]]: The Mk.15 has a higher maximum range (5.5 km); but it has a slightly lower maximum speed (83 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (224 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.15 has a much higher maximum range (9.15 km), but it has a lower maximum speed (62 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[G7a (533 mm)]]: The G7a has a larger explosive mass (358.4 kg TNT equivalence) and has a higher maximum range (6 km); but it has a slightly lower maximum speed (81 km/h). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the G7a has a much higher maximum range (14 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (56 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[G7e (mod. T5a) (533 mm)]]: The G7e has a higher maximum range (8 km); but it has a much lower maximum speed (41 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (256 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the G7e has a much higher maximum range (16 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (24.3 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[53-38 (533 mm)]]: The 53-38 has a slightly lower maximum speed (82 km/h), has a lower maximum range (4 km), and has a smaller explosive charge (300 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed, the 53-38 has a much higher maximum range (10 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (56 km/h). | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2 (610 mm)]]: The Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2 has a higher maximum speed (91 km/h), has a much higher maximum range (20 km), and has a much larger explosive mass (627.2 kg TNT equivalence). There is no Torpedo Mode modification available for the Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Type 93 Model 3 (610 mm)]]: The Type 93 Model 3 has a higher maximum speed (91 km/h), has a much higher maximum range (15 km), and has a much larger explosive mass (998.4 kg TNT equivalence). There is no Torpedo Mode modification available for the Type 93 Model 3. | ||
== Usage in battles == | == Usage in battles == | ||
| − | ''Describe situations when you would utilise this torpedo in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)'' | + | <!--''Describe situations when you would utilise this torpedo in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)''--> |
| + | The Mk.VIII is a fast torpedo, sporting an above-average top speed of 84 km/h with the Torpedo Mode modification and a top speed 76 km/h without. However, its maximum range is small, 4.57 km with and 6.4 km without the Torpedo Mode modification. Its warhead is also only average, at 327 kg TNT. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For motor torpedo boats and other smaller vessels, the Mk.VIII should be used without the Torpedo Mode modification, where the lower maximum range is insignificant in the often short-range engagements, and the higher maximum speed is helpful in making it more difficult for the enemy vessel to evade. On destroyers, the Mk.VIII should be used with the Torpedo Mode modification, since close-range encounters are much less common, and the increased maximum range provides more strategic usefulness, especially in Encounter and Enduring Confrontation game modes, though in this aspect, its small range of 6.4 km leaves much to be desired. | ||
=== Pros and cons === | === Pros and cons === | ||
| − | ''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.'' | + | <!--''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''--> |
'''Pros:''' | '''Pros:''' | ||
| − | * | + | * Above average maximum speeds |
'''Cons:''' | '''Cons:''' | ||
| − | * | + | * Short maximum range |
== History == | == History == | ||
| − | ''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.'' | + | <!--''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''--> |
| + | The 21-inch Mark VIII torpedo was designed in 1925. It had a diameter of 21 inches (533 mm), a length of 21 feet 7 inches (6.579 m), weighed 1,566 kg, and carried a 340 kg TNT warhead. The Mark VIII was the first British torpedo to utilise the burner-cycle engine, an advancement in torpedo technology at the time. In the burner cycle engine, pressurized air was heated and combined with atomised fuel, and then injected and ignited into the combustion chamber at top dead centre (when the piston is furthest away from the crankshaft). Powered by this, the Mark VIII could maintain a speed of 40 knots (74.1 km/h) for 4.57 km. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An improved version Mark VIII** was also developed, which increased the top speed to 45.5 knots (84.3 km/h) and introduced a low-speed setting at 41 knots (75.9 km/h) for 6.4 km. As originally designed, the Mark VIII** carried a 327 kg TNT warhead, though this would be replaced by a 365 kg Torpex warhead in later productions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Mark VIII entered service and production in 1927. The Mark VIII** was the primary version used during World War II, mounted on motor torpedo boats and the O-class submarines, as well as any succeeding submarine classes. It remained in service within the Royal Navy as late as 1982, when HMS Conqueror sunk the Argentinian light cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War, and would continue to remain in service with other minor navies even further. | ||
== Media == | == Media == | ||
| Line 66: | Line 113: | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| − | ''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:'' | + | <!--''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:'' |
* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;'' | * ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;'' | ||
| − | * ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.'' | + | * ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''--> |
| + | |||
| + | * [[Mk.V (533 mm)]] | ||
| + | * [[Mk.IX (533 mm)]] | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | ''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:'' | + | <!--''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:'' |
* ''topic on the official game forum;'' | * ''topic on the official game forum;'' | ||
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;'' | * ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;'' | ||
| − | * ''other literature.'' | + | * ''other literature.''--> |
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTBR_WWII.php NavWeaps - WWII Torpedoes of the United Kingdom/Britain] | ||
{{Torpedoes}} | {{Torpedoes}} | ||
[[Category:Naval special armaments]] | [[Category:Naval special armaments]] | ||
Revision as of 02:31, 16 December 2019
Mk.VIII
Information
Ship-launched TorpedoType
Britain 
County of Origin
County of OriginGeneral Characteristics
533 mm (21")Diameter
6.579 m (21'7")Length
1,566 kgMass
84 km/hMax Speed
4.57 kmMax Range
1 mDepth Stroke
50 mArming Distance
TNTExplosive Type
327 kgExplosive Mass
Torpedo Mode
76 km/hMax Speed
6.40 kmMax Range
Production History
Royal NavyDesigner
Full ProductionProduction Status
1927 - 1945Produced
Contents
Description
The Mk.VIII torpedo is a British 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo mounted on many destroyers and motor torpedo boats in the British tech tree. Other 21-inch British torpedoes include the Mk.V (533 mm) and the Mk.IX (533 mm).
Vehicles equipped with this weapon
- MTB Vosper(2)
- Dark Aggressor
- SGB Grey Fox
- Brave Borderer
- Fairmile D (617)
- Fairmile D (5001)
- HMS Churchill
- HMS Grafton
- HMCS Haida
General info
The Mk.VIII torpedo has a diameter of 533 mm, a length of 6.579 m, and weighs 1,566 kg. Without the Torpedo Mode modification installed, it can travel at a maximum speed of 84 km/h for 4.57 km. With it installed, the maximum range is increased to 6.40 km, but the maximum speed is reduced to 76 km/h.
| Torpedo Mode Specification Changes | |
|---|---|
| Max Distance (m) | Max Speed (m/s) |
| +1830 | -1 |
Effective damage
The Mk.IX torpedo carries a 340 kg TNT warhead, which is fairly middling compared to other torpedoes. Destroyers and other smaller vessels can be destroyed by a single hit, but cruisers, especially heavy cruisers, may be able to survive multiple hits, depending on where the hit occurred.
Comparison with analogues
Compared to all other ship-launched torpedoes in the British tech tree:
- Mark XII: An 18-inch torpedo, the Mark XII has a lower maximum speed (69 km/h), has a lower maximum range (3.2 km), and has a much smaller explosive mass (176 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mark XII has a slightly lower maximum speed (74 km/h) and has a much lower maximum range (1.37 km).
- Mark XV: An improved Mark XII, the Mark XV has a larger explosive mass (385 kg TNT equivalence); but it has a lower maximum speed (61 km/h) and has a lower maximum range (3.2 km). with the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mark XV has a much lower maximum speed (54 km/h) and has a lower maximum range (5 km).
- Mk.V (533 mm): The earliest of the British 21-inch torpedoes, the Mk.V has a lower maximum speed (74 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (305 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.V has a much higher maximum range (12.35 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (46 km/h).
- Mk.IX (533 mm): A further development of the 21-inch torpedo, the Mk.IX has a much higher maximum range (9.6 km) and has a larger explosive mass (340 kg TNT equivalence); but it has a lower maximum speed (67 km/h). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.IX has a much higher maximum range (12.35 km), but it has a much lower maximum range (56 km/h).
Compared to common torpedoes mounted on destroyers and cruisers among other nations:
- Mk.15 (533 mm): The Mk.15 has a higher maximum range (5.5 km); but it has a slightly lower maximum speed (83 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (224 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the Mk.15 has a much higher maximum range (9.15 km), but it has a lower maximum speed (62 km/h).
- G7a (533 mm): The G7a has a larger explosive mass (358.4 kg TNT equivalence) and has a higher maximum range (6 km); but it has a slightly lower maximum speed (81 km/h). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the G7a has a much higher maximum range (14 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (56 km/h).
- G7e (mod. T5a) (533 mm): The G7e has a higher maximum range (8 km); but it has a much lower maximum speed (41 km/h) and has a smaller explosive mass (256 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed on both, the G7e has a much higher maximum range (16 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (24.3 km/h).
- 53-38 (533 mm): The 53-38 has a slightly lower maximum speed (82 km/h), has a lower maximum range (4 km), and has a smaller explosive charge (300 kg TNT equivalence). With the Torpedo Mode modification installed, the 53-38 has a much higher maximum range (10 km), but it has a much lower maximum speed (56 km/h).
- Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2 (610 mm): The Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2 has a higher maximum speed (91 km/h), has a much higher maximum range (20 km), and has a much larger explosive mass (627.2 kg TNT equivalence). There is no Torpedo Mode modification available for the Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2.
- Type 93 Model 3 (610 mm): The Type 93 Model 3 has a higher maximum speed (91 km/h), has a much higher maximum range (15 km), and has a much larger explosive mass (998.4 kg TNT equivalence). There is no Torpedo Mode modification available for the Type 93 Model 3.
Usage in battles
The Mk.VIII is a fast torpedo, sporting an above-average top speed of 84 km/h with the Torpedo Mode modification and a top speed 76 km/h without. However, its maximum range is small, 4.57 km with and 6.4 km without the Torpedo Mode modification. Its warhead is also only average, at 327 kg TNT.
For motor torpedo boats and other smaller vessels, the Mk.VIII should be used without the Torpedo Mode modification, where the lower maximum range is insignificant in the often short-range engagements, and the higher maximum speed is helpful in making it more difficult for the enemy vessel to evade. On destroyers, the Mk.VIII should be used with the Torpedo Mode modification, since close-range encounters are much less common, and the increased maximum range provides more strategic usefulness, especially in Encounter and Enduring Confrontation game modes, though in this aspect, its small range of 6.4 km leaves much to be desired.
Pros and cons
Pros:
- Above average maximum speeds
Cons:
- Short maximum range
History
The 21-inch Mark VIII torpedo was designed in 1925. It had a diameter of 21 inches (533 mm), a length of 21 feet 7 inches (6.579 m), weighed 1,566 kg, and carried a 340 kg TNT warhead. The Mark VIII was the first British torpedo to utilise the burner-cycle engine, an advancement in torpedo technology at the time. In the burner cycle engine, pressurized air was heated and combined with atomised fuel, and then injected and ignited into the combustion chamber at top dead centre (when the piston is furthest away from the crankshaft). Powered by this, the Mark VIII could maintain a speed of 40 knots (74.1 km/h) for 4.57 km.
An improved version Mark VIII** was also developed, which increased the top speed to 45.5 knots (84.3 km/h) and introduced a low-speed setting at 41 knots (75.9 km/h) for 6.4 km. As originally designed, the Mark VIII** carried a 327 kg TNT warhead, though this would be replaced by a 365 kg Torpex warhead in later productions.
The Mark VIII entered service and production in 1927. The Mark VIII** was the primary version used during World War II, mounted on motor torpedo boats and the O-class submarines, as well as any succeeding submarine classes. It remained in service within the Royal Navy as late as 1982, when HMS Conqueror sunk the Argentinian light cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War, and would continue to remain in service with other minor navies even further.
Media
An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.
See also
External links
