Difference between revisions of "12.75 inch Mark 46 (324 mm)"

Latest revision as of 11:24, 21 November 2024

12.75 inch Mark 46 (324 mm) captured in-flight

Description

The 12.75 inch Mark 46 is an American lightweight anti-submarine torpedo introduced in 1963 (in Mod 0 variant), which was quickly replaced in 1967 by Mod 1, addressing initial issues with the propulsion system. Torpedo has seen a series of upgrades until the replacement arrived in 1990 - the Mark 50 Barracuda. Still, struggling with high cost, the Mark 46 received Service Life Extension Programme, and eventually new, cheaper, derivative, the Mark 46 Mod 8, was being developed in 1994 merging the two torpedoes into what eventually became the Mark 54 torpedo, finally replacing the Mark 46 series in 2004.

Vehicles equipped with this weapon

General info

Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the torpedo.

Effective damage

Describe the type of damage produced by this type of torpedo (high explosive, splash damage, etc)

Comparison with analogues

SET-40 (400 mm) - A Soviet lightweight anti-submarine torpedo. Compared to the Mark 46, it is much slower but has almost double the explosive mass and a slightly longer range

Name	Diameter (mm)	Mass (kg)	Explosive type	TNT equivalent (kg)	Max speed (km/h)	Max range (km)
12.75 inch Mark 44	324	235	HBX	54.4	56	5.49
12.75 inch Mark 46	324	235	TNT	44.5	91	7.30
18 inch Mark XII	450	702	TNT	176	74	1.37
18 inch Mark XV	450	817	Torpex	395.2	61	3.20
18 inch Type 38 No.2 B	450	663	Shimose	104.5	59	2.00
18-inch Mk.7	450	720	TNT	93	59	3.65
21 in Mk.8	533	1,252	TNT	146	50	9.14
21 inch Mark I	533	1,270	TNT	102	56	11.00
21 inch Mk.20 Bidder	533	821	TNT	89	37	11.00
21 inch Type 43 (1910)	533	1,187	Shimose	143	50	8.00
45-36NU	450	951	TNT	200	76	4.00
53-38	533	1,615	TNT	300	82	4.00
53-39	533	1,780	TNT	317	94	4.00
53-56	533	2,000	TNT	400	93	8.00
53-57	533	2,000	TNT	306	83	18.00
53-65	533	2,070	TNT	300	126	12.00
Bliss-Leavitt Mk.1	533	680	TNT	91	50	3.66
C/06D	450	810	TNT	122.6	50	5.90
G6c	533	1,008	TNT	160	50	5.00
G7	500	1,365	TNT	249.6	69	4.00
G7a	533	1,528	SW39a	358.4	81	6.00
H/8	600	2,160	SW39a	268.8	67	6.00
LT 1A/1	450	812	TNT	250	74	2.00
Mark 35	533	803	Torpex	196	50	13.71
Mk.8-3 C/D	533	1,373	TNT	174.2	50	12.35
Mk.13	569	884	TNT	178	56	5.21
Mk.15	533	1,559	TNT	224	83	5.50
Mk.16	533	1,766	Torpex	915.2	85	6.40
Mk.IV	533	1,454	TNT	234	65	7.30
Mk.IX	533	1,693	TNT	340	67	9.60
Mk.IX**	533	1,693	Torpex	587.2	76	10.00
Mk.V	533	1,736	TNT	305	74	4.57
Mk.VIII	533	1,566	TNT	327	84	4.57
1909R	450	716	TNT	144	61	2.00
Model 1919V	550	1,358	Picric acid	261.8	80	2.00
Model 1923DT	550	2,100	TNT	308	72	9.00
1926V	400	674	TNT	144	81	2.00
L3	550	910	TNT	200	46	5.00
Pattern 1910	450	665	TNT	100	54	3.00
Pattern 1912	450	810	TNT	100	80	2.00
R.G.F. Mark VI**	450	700	TNT	134	56	5.49
S.I.170/450X5,25	450	860	TNT	170	76	4.00
S.I.270	533	1,715	TNT	270	74	4.00
S.I. 250/533,4X7,5 Tipo A	533	1,781	TNT	250	76	4.00
S.I. 270/533,4X7,2 Tipo I	533	1,700	TNT	270	89	4.00
S.I. 270/533,4X7,2 Tipo M	533	1,715	TNT	270	93	4.00
S.I. 270/533X6.84 Tipo L	533	1,700	TNT	270	93	4.00
Seal DM2A1	533	1,370	TNT	250	61	20.00
SET-40	400	550	TNT	80	54	8.00
SET-53M	533	1,480	TNT	100	54	14.00
SET-65	533	1,740	TNT	205	74	16.00
SET-72	400	730	TNT	80	74	8.00
Type 2	450	1,000	Type 97	448	72	3.00
Type 6	533	1,432	Shimose	223.3	65	7.00
Type 8 No.2	610	2,362	Shimose	380.6	70	10.00
Type 43	450	663	Shimose	104.5	48	5.00
Type 44 No.2	450	750	Shimose	121	65	4.00
Type 54 model 3	533	1,600	TNT	100	44	6.00
Type 72 mod.1	533	1,760	TNT	300	120	10.00
Type 89	533	1,660	Type 97	384	83	5.50
Type 90	610	2,540	Type 97	480	85	7.00
Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2	610	2,700	Type 97	627.2	91	20.00
Type 93 Model 3	610	2,800	Type 97	998.4	91	15.00
W.200/450X5,75	450	930	TNT	200	81	3.00
Whitehead A 110/450	450	936	TNT	110	56	4.00

Usage in battles

Characteristic blunt nose of the Mark 46, and a triple launcher on Chikugo (here in the Sea Biathlon event camouflage)

As submarines are not in War Thunder, the Mark 46 will have to be used against surface ships, which with its pathetic explosive mass of 44.5 kg means it will only be effective on boats or sub-chasers. Because it cannot destroy most ships in a single hit, it should be used in conjunction with gun fire to destroy ships. You can soften up targets first by setting them on fire and disabling weapons, before launching a few torpedoes to finish it off, or use it to disable a ship's engines first, and then dissect it with the main battery.

Pros and cons

Pros:

Very fast speed of 91 km/h, can be somewhat reliably used against fast vessels

Cons:

Tiny explosive mass of 44.5 kg, a destroyer can tank a full salvo of 3 torpedoes

History

The Mark 46 was born out of the need for a torpedo that could handle latest soviet submarines, something Mark 44 couldn't. Feasibility studies begun in December 1956, leading to the requirements being issued in November 1960. After 3 years of development, the production of the Mark 46 Mod 0, has begun in 1963.

The Mark 46 Mod 0 was manufactured by the Aerojet-General Corporation and was notable for being the first high-performance, thermal-powered torpedo in US Navy service. It was "thermal powered" for the solid fuel it used, which burned releasing high-pressure gasses that powered the torpedo and proved to be more energy-dense than the battery-electric propulsion. The system, however, proved very difficult to maintain.

The Mark 46 Mod 1 introduced in April 1967 aimed to address the maintainability concerns. The Mod 1 switched to using a monopropellant fuel based on propylene glycol dinitrate, named Otto fuel, which was an oily substance that could burn without any oxidiser, being more energy-efficient than either the battery-electric or even the previously used solid fuel, leading to an increased the range and speed of the torpedo, while also being much cheaper to maintain. Honeywell Incorporated was asked to become a second production source for the torpedo.

Further enhancements led to the development of the Mark 46 Mod 2, which entered service in 1972. This version incorporated a new course gyro and presetter, and most Mod 1 torpedoes were upgraded to Mod 2 standard by 1975. The Mod 2 featured improved performance for ship-launched versions and was optimised for use from helicopters equipped with dipping sonars, allowing operations within a 360-degree radius. It also became the standard of torpedoes used by the ASROC launchers at the time. Together with the launching component it was designated RUR-5A ASROC Mod. 4. Overall, Mod 2 was adopted by 23 countries, de-facto becoming NATO's standard anti-submarine warfare torpedo at the time.

One of the Mark 46 Mod 2 torpedoes was recovered by a Chinese fishermen in 1978, and over the next decade its design was reverse-engineered into a Yu-7 torpedo (鱼-7, meaning Fish-7), which entered testing in 1988 and production in 1990. It used Otto fuel II for propulsion.

Attempts to develop a Mark 46 Mod 3 variant were abandoned in 1972. The Mark 46 Mod 4 was developed in 1973 as the payload for the CAPTOR anti-submarine mines, with an improved version becoming the Mod 6.

In October 1972 the Near-Term Improvement Programme (Neartip) was initiated. This programme aimed to enhance the torpedo's acoustic performance, countermeasure resistance, and guidance systems by incorporating CMOS integrated circuits. It culminated in the Mark 46 Mod 5, which entered production in July 1979. From 1981 onwards, the Mod 5 became the main version of the torpedo, available both: as new-builds and as upgrades for existing Mod 2 torpedoes. The Mod 5 introduced an advanced digital computer control system and a new passive/active sonar, significantly improving its capabilities in various acoustic environments, including shallow waters. Production under licence began in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 1982, and the Mod 5 was selected by nine additional countries.

With the further increase of the importance of engaging slow-moving or littoral targets, the Mark 46 Mod 5A and Mod 5A(S) were developed in the mid-1980s, entering service in 1989. The Mod 5A(S) was capable of operating in waters as shallow as 40 metres. In October 1996 the Mod 5A(SW) was introduced, being an upgrade of the older torpedoes to the standards set by the new Mod 5A(S).

Mark 46 Mod 7 was planned to improve the passive sensors, but it was cancelled before completing the development.

Mark 49 received Service Life Extension Programme, and eventually new, cheaper, derivative, the Mark 46 Mod 8, was being developed in 1994 merging the two torpedoes into what eventually became the Mark 54 torpedo, finally replacing the Mark 46 series since 2004 in the US service. Overall, over 26,000 units of Mk 46 were produced, operated by 37 countries and deployed from various platforms, including ships, fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters. The torpedo became a worldwide success and will likely remain in use for a significant amount of time, even as the Mark 54 becomes increasingly widely adopted.

Media

Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.

External links

[Wikipedia] Mark 46 torpedo
[Federation of American Scientists: Military Analysis Network] MK-46 Torpedo
Janes Naval Weapon Systems
[Opisy Broni] Torpeda Mark 46 (in Polish)
[NavWeaps] United States of America - ASROC RUR-5A and VLA

Torpedoes
USA
450 mm	Mk.7
533 mm	Bliss-Leavitt Mk.1 · Mark 35 · Mk.8 · Mk.8-3 C/D · Mk.15 · Mk.16
569 mm	Mk.13 · Mk.13-6^† · Mk.13-6 Case^†
Germany
324 mm	Mark 44
450 mm	C/06D · LT 1A/1 · F5W^† · F5b^†
500 mm	G7 · G6c
533 mm	G7a · Seal DM2A1
600 mm	H/8
USSR
400 mm	SET-40 · SET-72
450 mm	Pattern 1910 · Pattern 1912 · 45-36NU^‡ · 45-36AN^† · 45-36MAN^†
533 mm	53-38 · 53-39 · 53-56 · 53-57 · 53-65 · SET-53M · SET-65
Britain
450 mm	R.G.F. Mark VI** · Mark XII^‡ · Mark XV^‡
533 mm	Mark I · Mk.IV · Mk.V · Mk.VIII · Mk.IX · Mk.IX** · 21 inch Mk.20 Bidder
Japan
324 mm	Mark 46
450 mm	Type 2 · Type 38 No.2 B · Type 43 · Type 44 No.2 · Type 91 Model 2^† · Type 91 Model 3^†
533 mm	Type 6 · Type 43 (1910) · Type 54 Model 3 · Type 72 Model 1 · Type 89
610 mm	Type 8 No.2 · Type 90 · Type 93 Model 1, Mod 2 · Type 93 Model 3
Italy
450 mm	F200/450^† · S.I.170/450X5,25 · W.200/450X5,75 · Whitehead A 110/450
533 mm	S.I.270 · S.I. 250/533,4X7,5 Tipo A · S.I. 270/533,4X7,2 Tipo I · S.I. 270/533X6.84 Tipo L · S.I. 270/533,4X7,2 Tipo M
France
400 mm	1926DA^†
450 mm	1909R
550 mm	L3 · Model 1919V · Model 1923DT
Sweden
450 mm	m/38^† · m/41^†
	† = Aerial torpedo ‡ = Aerial and ship-launched torpedo

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:12.75_inch_Mark_46_(324_mm).png|thumbnail|right|x250px|]]
+[[File:12.75 inch Mark 46 (324 mm).jpg|thumb|x250px|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' captured in-flight]]
 == Description ==
 <!--''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''-->
-The '''12.75 inch Mark 46''' is an American lightweight anti-submarine torpedo.
+The '''12.75 inch Mark 46''' is an American lightweight anti-submarine torpedo introduced in 1963 (in Mod 0 variant), which was quickly replaced in 1967 by Mod 1, addressing initial issues with the propulsion system. Torpedo has seen a series of upgrades until the replacement arrived in 1990 - the Mark 50 Barracuda. Still, struggling with high cost, the Mark 46 received Service Life Extension Programme, and eventually new, cheaper, derivative, the Mark 46 Mod 8, was being developed in 1994 merging the two torpedoes into what eventually became the Mark 54 torpedo, finally replacing the Mark 46 series in 2004.
 === Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 * {{Specs-Link|jp_escort_chikugo_class}}
+* {{Specs-Link|jp_destroyer_murasame}}
 == General info ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 === Comparison with analogues ===
 <!--''Give a comparative description of torpedoes that have firepower equal to this weapon.''-->
+* [[SET-40 (400 mm)]] - A Soviet lightweight anti-submarine torpedo. Compared to the Mark 46, it is much slower but has almost double the explosive mass and a slightly longer range
-* [[SET-40 (400 mm)]] - A Soviet lightweight anti-submarine torpedo. Compared to the Mark 46, it is much slower but has almost double the explosive mass and a slightly longer range
+{{Naval special armament table|torpedoes}}
 == Usage in battles ==
 <!--''Describe situations when you would utilise this torpedo in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)''-->
+[[File:12.75 inch Mark 46 (324 mm) on Chikugo.jpg|thumb|Characteristic blunt nose of the Mark 46, and a triple launcher on {{Specs-Link|jp_escort_chikugo_class}} (here in the Sea Biathlon event camouflage)]]
 As submarines are not in War Thunder, the Mark 46 will have to be used against surface ships, which with its pathetic explosive mass of 44.5 kg means it will only be effective on boats or sub-chasers. Because it cannot destroy most ships in a single hit, it should be used in conjunction with gun fire to destroy ships. You can soften up targets first by setting them on fire and disabling weapons, before launching a few torpedoes to finish it off, or use it to disable a ship's engines first, and then dissect it with the main battery.
@@ Line 39: / Line 41: @@
 == History ==
-''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''
+<!-- ''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.'' -->
+The Mark 46 was born out of the need for a torpedo that could handle latest soviet submarines, something [[12.75 inch Mark 44 (324 mm)|Mark 44]] couldn't. Feasibility studies begun in December 1956, leading to the requirements being issued in November 1960. After 3 years of development, the production of the Mark 46 Mod 0, has begun in 1963.
+The Mark 46 Mod 0 was manufactured by the Aerojet-General Corporation and was notable for being the first high-performance, thermal-powered torpedo in US Navy service. It was "thermal powered" for the solid fuel it used, which burned releasing high-pressure gasses that powered the torpedo and proved to be more energy-dense than the battery-electric propulsion. The system, however, proved very difficult to maintain.
+The Mark 46 Mod 1 introduced in April 1967 aimed to address the maintainability concerns. The Mod 1 switched to using a monopropellant fuel based on propylene glycol dinitrate, named [[wikipedia:Otto fuel II|Otto fuel]], which was an oily substance that could burn without any oxidiser, being more energy-efficient than either the battery-electric or even the previously used solid fuel, leading to an increased the range and speed of the torpedo, while also being much cheaper to maintain. Honeywell Incorporated was asked to become a second production source for the torpedo.
+Further enhancements led to the development of the Mark 46 Mod 2, which entered service in 1972. This version incorporated a new course gyro and presetter, and most Mod 1 torpedoes were upgraded to Mod 2 standard by 1975. The Mod 2 featured improved performance for ship-launched versions and was optimised for use from helicopters equipped with dipping sonars, allowing operations within a 360-degree radius. It also became the standard of torpedoes used by the [[wikipedia:RUR-5 ASROC|ASROC launchers]] at the time. Together with the launching component it was designated RUR-5A ASROC Mod. 4. Overall, Mod 2 was adopted by 23 countries, de-facto becoming NATO's standard anti-submarine warfare torpedo at the time.
+One of the Mark 46 Mod 2 torpedoes was recovered by a Chinese fishermen in 1978, and over the next decade its design was reverse-engineered into a [[wikipedia:Yu-7 torpedo|Yu-7 torpedo]] (鱼-7, meaning Fish-7), which entered testing in 1988 and production in 1990. It used Otto fuel II for propulsion.
+Attempts to develop a Mark 46 Mod 3 variant were abandoned in 1972. The Mark 46 Mod 4 was developed in 1973 as the payload for the [[wikipedia:Mark 60 CAPTOR|CAPTOR anti-submarine mines]], with an improved version becoming the Mod 6.
+In October 1972 the Near-Term Improvement Programme (Neartip) was initiated. This programme aimed to enhance the torpedo's acoustic performance, countermeasure resistance, and guidance systems by incorporating CMOS integrated circuits. It culminated in the Mark 46 Mod 5, which entered production in July 1979. From 1981 onwards, the Mod 5 became the main version of the torpedo, available both: as new-builds and as upgrades for existing Mod 2 torpedoes. The Mod 5 introduced an advanced digital computer control system and a new passive/active sonar, significantly improving its capabilities in various acoustic environments, including shallow waters. Production under licence began in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 1982, and the Mod 5 was selected by nine additional countries.
+With the further increase of the importance of engaging slow-moving or littoral targets, the Mark 46 Mod 5A and Mod 5A(S) were developed in the mid-1980s, entering service in 1989. The Mod 5A(S) was capable of operating in waters as shallow as 40 metres. In October 1996 the Mod 5A(SW) was introduced, being an upgrade of the older torpedoes to the standards set by the new Mod 5A(S).
+Mark 46 Mod 7 was planned to improve the passive sensors, but it was cancelled before completing the development.
+Mark 49 received Service Life Extension Programme, and eventually new, cheaper, derivative, the Mark 46 Mod 8, was being developed in 1994 merging the two torpedoes into what eventually became the Mark 54 torpedo, finally replacing the Mark 46 series since 2004 in the US service. Overall, over 26,000 units of Mk 46 were produced, operated by 37 countries and deployed from various platforms, including ships, fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters. The torpedo became a worldwide success and will likely remain in use for a significant amount of time, even as the Mark 54 becomes increasingly widely adopted.
 == Media ==
@@ Line 49: / Line 70: @@
 * ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.'' -->
-* [[12.75 inch Mark 44 (324 mm)|12.75 inch Mark 44]] - Similar lightweight anti-submarine torpedo found on the [[Lübeck]]
+* [[12.75 inch Mark 44 (324 mm)|12.75 inch Mark 44]] <small>(Predecessor)</small>
 == External links ==
-''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
+<!-- ''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
 * ''topic on the official game forum;''
-* ''other literature.''
+* ''other literature.'' -->
+* [[wikipedia:Mark 46 torpedo|[Wikipedia] Mark 46 torpedo]]
+* [https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-46.htm <nowiki>[Federation of American Scientists: Military Analysis Network]</nowiki> MK-46 Torpedo]
+* ''Janes Naval Weapon Systems''
+* [http://opisybroni.pl/torpeda-mark-46/ <nowiki>[Opisy Broni]</nowiki> Torpeda Mark 46] <small>(in Polish)</small>
+* [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WMUS_ASROC.php <nowiki>[NavWeaps]</nowiki> United States of America - ASROC RUR-5A and VLA]
 {{Torpedoes}}
 [[Category:Naval special armaments]]

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