Difference between revisions of "Pe-8"

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(Added tables and basic info.)
Line 2: Line 2:
  
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
−
''In the description, the first part needs to be about the history of and the creation and combat usage of the aircraft, as well as its key features. In the second part, tell the reader about the aircraft in the game. Insert screenshot of the vehicle. If the novice player does not remember the vehicle by name, he will immediately understand what kind of vehicle it is talking about.''
+
<!--''In the description, the first part needs to be about the history of and the creation and combat usage of the aircraft, as well as its key features. In the second part, tell the reader about the aircraft in the game. Insert screenshot of the vehicle. If the novice player does not remember the vehicle by name, he will immediately understand what kind of vehicle it is talking about.''-->
  
 +
[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
 +
{{break}}
 +
The '''Pe-8''' is a Rank III Soviet heavy bomber with a battle rating of 4.3 (AB/RB) and 5.0 (SB). It was introduced in [[Update_1.53_"Firestorm"|Update 1.53 "Firestorm"]].
 +
 +
The Pe-8 (Petlyakov-8) is the first heavy bomber in the Soviet tree, known best for its incredible defensive armament and its ability to carry the FAB-5000 bomb, the largest bomb in the game. Weighing 5,000 kilograms, it gives the Pe-8 a payload rivaling many tier IV bombers, only outclassed at the same battle rating by the [[Halifax_B.Mk.IIIa|Halifax]]. Due to this, the Pe-8 has earned the reputation of being a Russian death star - It's very, very hard hitting, but, you will be targeted as a large heavy bomber. Enemies will make you a high priority target and will try to attack you at any cost, even if they lose their lives in the process.
 
== General info ==
 
== General info ==
 
=== Flight Performance ===
 
=== Flight Performance ===
−
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Maximum speed, maneuverability, speed and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''
+
<!--''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Maximum speed, maneuverability, speed and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''-->
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,900 m)
 +
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
 +
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
 +
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
 +
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run<br>(meters)
 +
|-
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
|-
 +
| ? || ? || 10,500 || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 1,500
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,900 m)
 +
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
 +
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
 +
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
 +
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
 +
|-
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
! AB
 +
! RB
 +
|-
 +
| ? || ? || 10,500 || ??.? || ??.? || ?.? || ?.? || 1,500
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====Details====
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="5" | Features
 +
|-
 +
! Combat flap
 +
! Take-off flap
 +
! Landing flap
 +
! Air brakes
 +
! Arrestor gear
 +
|-
 +
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X    <!-- ✓ -->
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="5" | Limits
 +
|-
 +
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
 +
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
 +
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap<br> (km/h)
 +
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
 +
|-
 +
! +
 +
! -
 +
|-
 +
| 535 || 300 || 480 || ~1 || ~1
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
 +
|-
 +
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
 +
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
 +
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
 +
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
 +
|-
 +
| < 320 || < 350 || < 380 || > 200
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
 +
|-
 +
! Optimal altitude
 +
! 100% Engine power
 +
! WEP Engine power
 +
|-
 +
| 2,050 m || 6,160 hp || 7,478 hp
 +
|-
 +
<!--! colspan="3" | Setting 2
 +
|-
 +
! Optimal altitude
 +
! 100% Engine power
 +
! WEP Engine power
 +
|-
 +
| 5,400 m || 5,200 hp || ?,??? hp
 +
|-
 +
<!--! colspan="3" | Setting 3
 +
|-
 +
! Optimal altitude
 +
! 100% Engine power
 +
! WEP Engine power
 +
|-
 +
| ?,??? m || ?,??? hp || ?,??? hp
 +
|- -->
 +
|}
  
 
=== Survivability and armour ===
 
=== Survivability and armour ===
−
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured. Describe the armour, if there is any, also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''
+
<!--''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured. Describe the armour, if there is any, also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''-->
 +
* No armour plating
 +
* No armour glazing
 +
* Critical components located at front of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
 +
* More fuel tanks located in wings near fuselage
  
 
== Armaments ==
 
== Armaments ==
−
=== Offensive armament ===
+
<!--=== Offensive armament ===
 
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''
 
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''
 +
{{main|MAC 1934 (7.5 mm)}}
  
 +
The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
 +
 +
* 4 x 7.5 mm [[MAC 1934 (7.5 mm)|MAC 1934]] machine guns (300 rpg = 1,200 total)
 +
 +
The four machine guns are arranged in bundles of two mounted on the underside of the upper wing. Each are armed with the same amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will fire with each other until empty.-->
 
=== Suspended armament ===
 
=== Suspended armament ===
−
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''
+
<!--''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''-->
 +
{{main|Bombs}}
 +
 
 +
The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with various payloads:
 +
 
 +
* 40 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs (2,000 kg total)
 +
* 40 x 100 kg FAB-100  bombs (4,000 kg total)
 +
* 12 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (3,000 kg total)
 +
* 6 x 500 kg FAB-500 (welded) bombs (3,000 kg total)
 +
* 4 x 1,000 kg FAB-1000 bombs  (4,000 kg total)
 +
* 1 x 5,000 kg FAB-5000 bomb (5,000 kg total)
  
 
=== Defensive armament ===
 
=== Defensive armament ===
−
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available remove this subsection.''
+
<!--''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available remove this subsection.''-->
 +
{{main|ShKAS (7.62 mm)|Berezin UB (12.7 mm)|ShVAK (20 mm)}}
 +
 
 +
The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
 +
 
 +
* 2 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns, nose turret (750 rpg = 1,500 total)
 +
* 1 x 12.7 mm Berezin UB machine gun, 2 x engine nacelle turret (200 rpg = 400 total)
 +
* 1 x 20 mm ShVAK cannon, dorsal turret (200 rpg)
 +
* 1 x 20 mm ShVAK cannon, tail turret (230 rpg)
  
 
== Usage in the battles ==
 
== Usage in the battles ==
−
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''
+
<!--''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''-->
 +
The Pe-8, as mentioned earlier, is basically a Russian Death Star (a.k.a Tu-4 at a lower tier). It both boasts a very effective cannon armament and a high bomb load, able to kill two bases in one pass. It's 5000 kilo bomb is especially useful in Ground Battles as a "tactical nuke" of sorts, able to wipe out large concentrations of enemy tanks.
 +
 
 +
However, the FAB-5000's practicality ends there. In Air Battles, the FAB-5000 is woefully overpowered against most targets and makes it inferior to most of the plane's other bomb combinations. In addition, it peculiarly does less damage against an airfield than the 4 x 1,000 kg payload, further decreasing its usefulness. Instead, use the other payloads. The stock payload of 40 x 100 kg bombs, while difficult to aim, can still be used to base bomb, simply drop 15 on a base to destroy it (remember that the first 16 are pylon mounted meaning they drop in pairs, so the first base will require only 8 presses of the bomb release button). Keep using this payload for base bombing until you unlock the 4 x 1,000 kg modification, as all the other payloads yield less damage. You can use your bombs to destroy ground targets as well, however, be sure to be high enough or use a timer so that the bomb's splash damage doesn't kill you.
 +
 
 +
Try to side climb around the main battle when going after bases - though your defensive armament is powerful, you will be an easy target for experienced players, heavy fighters, and groups of fighters that encounter you. If you see an enemy, always turn the plane to make sure the rear cannon-armed guns face the pursuer so you can focus as much of your defensive firepower on them as possible while also increasing the time you can put your guns on the target. Make sure to fire in bursts as your guns will jam if fired for too long.
 +
 
 +
====Counter-tactics====
 +
<!--What to expect, if it would be in command of the enemy and how to counter it. (i.e. They will most likely BnZ, etc.)-->
 +
When pursuing the Pe-8, try to go for a head-on - nearly all the time there is critical damage and "pilot snipes" to down the aircraft - with the added bonus that the front is the least defended area of the Pe-8. Use your mobility to do so. When in a not so optimal position, try to come up at a angle above the Pe-8 - with a sharp enough angle, you will stop the 12.7's from reaching you, and with a bit of luck, you will make it past the single 20 defending the plane.
 +
 
 +
=
 +
===Manual Engine Control===
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
 +
|-
 +
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
 +
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
 +
! colspan="3" |Radiator
 +
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
 +
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
 +
|-
 +
! Oil
 +
! Water
 +
! Type
 +
|-
 +
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not ontrollable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Modules===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
!colspan = "1"| Tier
 +
!colspan = "2"| Flight performance
 +
!colspan = "1"| Survivability
 +
!colspan = "2"| Weaponry
 +
|-
 +
| I
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| II
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| III
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| IV
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
=== Pros and cons ===
 
=== Pros and cons ===
−
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Do not use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - they have a substitution in the form of softer "inadequate", "effective".''
+
<!--''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Do not use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - they have a substitution in the form of softer "inadequate", "effective".''-->
  
 
'''Pros:'''
 
'''Pros:'''
−
*
+
* Largest bomb in game - the 5,000 kg FAB-5000
 +
* Good overall payload for its tier
 +
* Incredible defensive armament, third to only the [[G8N1_Renzan|G8N1]] and [[Tu-4]]
 +
* Durable airframe - can take some damage and make it home
 +
* Can resist being up-tiered for a while; possible to bring in tier IV matches
 +
* A big step up from the [[Yer-2_M-105|Yer-2]]'s ShKAS
 +
* Matchmaking can be gracious
 +
* Reputation - reason weaker fighters will stay low (Enemies)
 +
* Decent Silver Lions and Research Points earner
  
 
'''Cons:'''
 
'''Cons:'''
−
*
+
* Large, heavy, and slow
 +
* Poor climb rate and speed
 +
* Prone to very devastating fires
 +
* Stock bomb load is prone to missing when used for base bombing
 +
* Defensive turrets lack ammo and jam easily, resulting in frequent reloads that essentially leave you defenseless
 +
* Turrets lack armor and gunners die easily
 +
* Reputation - a reason fighters will climb up to bomber altitude (Enemies)
 +
* Frontal defensive ShKAS machine guns aren't particularly effective.
 +
* While coverage to the rear is pretty good, frontal coverage is poor. Aircraft coming from high altitude can avoid the defensive fire power.
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
Line 43: Line 267:
 
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
 
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
 
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''
 
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''
−
''ETC.''
+
<!--''ETC.''-->
  
 
== Sources ==
 
== Sources ==
Line 50: Line 274:
 
* ''page on aircraft encyclopedia;''
 
* ''page on aircraft encyclopedia;''
 
* ''other literature.''
 
* ''other literature.''
 +
 +
{{USSR bombers}}

Revision as of 16:36, 20 November 2018

Rank VI USSR | Premium | Golden Eagles
Su-25K Pack
Pe-8
pe-8_m82.png
Pe-8
USSR flag.png USSR
III Rank
Battle rating:
AB RB SB
4.3 4.3 5.3
Class:
Research:33 000 Specs-Card-Exp.png
Purchase:105 000 Specs-Card-Lion.png
Show in game

Description

GarageImage Pe-8.jpg


The Pe-8 is a Rank III Soviet heavy bomber with a battle rating of 4.3 (AB/RB) and 5.0 (SB). It was introduced in Update 1.53 "Firestorm".

The Pe-8 (Petlyakov-8) is the first heavy bomber in the Soviet tree, known best for its incredible defensive armament and its ability to carry the FAB-5000 bomb, the largest bomb in the game. Weighing 5,000 kilograms, it gives the Pe-8 a payload rivaling many tier IV bombers, only outclassed at the same battle rating by the Halifax. Due to this, the Pe-8 has earned the reputation of being a Russian death star - It's very, very hard hitting, but, you will be targeted as a large heavy bomber. Enemies will make you a high priority target and will try to attack you at any cost, even if they lose their lives in the process.

General info

Flight Performance

Characteristics
Stock
Max Speed
(km/h at 5,900 m) 		Max altitude
(meters) 		Turn time
(seconds) 		Rate of climb
(meters/second) 		Take-off run
(meters)
AB RB AB RB AB RB
 ?  ? 10,500  ??.?  ??.?  ??.?  ??.? 1,500
Upgraded
Max Speed
(km/h at 5,900 m) 		Max altitude (meters) Turn time (seconds) Rate of climb
(meters/second) 		Take-off run (meters)
AB RB AB RB AB RB
 ?  ? 10,500  ??.?  ??.?  ?.?  ?.? 1,500

Details

Features
Combat flap Take-off flap Landing flap Air brakes Arrestor gear
✓ ✓ ✓ X X
Limits
Wing-break speed
(km/h) 		Gear limit
(km/h) 		Combat flap
(km/h) 		Max Static G
+ -
535 300 480 ~1 ~1
Optimal velocities
Ailerons
(km/h) 		Rudder
(km/h) 		Elevators
(km/h) 		Radiator
(km/h)
< 320 < 350 < 380 > 200
Compressor (RB/SB)
Setting 1
Optimal altitude 100% Engine power WEP Engine power
2,050 m 6,160 hp 7,478 hp

Survivability and armour

  • No armour plating
  • No armour glazing
  • Critical components located at front of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
  • More fuel tanks located in wings near fuselage

Armaments

Suspended armament

Main article: Bombs

The Pe-8 can be outfitted with various payloads:

  • 40 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs (2,000 kg total)
  • 40 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (4,000 kg total)
  • 12 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (3,000 kg total)
  • 6 x 500 kg FAB-500 (welded) bombs (3,000 kg total)
  • 4 x 1,000 kg FAB-1000 bombs (4,000 kg total)
  • 1 x 5,000 kg FAB-5000 bomb (5,000 kg total)

Defensive armament

Main articles: ShKAS (7.62 mm), Berezin UB (12.7 mm), ShVAK (20 mm)

The Pe-8 is defended by:

  • 2 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns, nose turret (750 rpg = 1,500 total)
  • 1 x 12.7 mm Berezin UB machine gun, 2 x engine nacelle turret (200 rpg = 400 total)
  • 1 x 20 mm ShVAK cannon, dorsal turret (200 rpg)
  • 1 x 20 mm ShVAK cannon, tail turret (230 rpg)

Usage in the battles

The Pe-8, as mentioned earlier, is basically a Russian Death Star (a.k.a Tu-4 at a lower tier). It both boasts a very effective cannon armament and a high bomb load, able to kill two bases in one pass. It's 5000 kilo bomb is especially useful in Ground Battles as a "tactical nuke" of sorts, able to wipe out large concentrations of enemy tanks.

However, the FAB-5000's practicality ends there. In Air Battles, the FAB-5000 is woefully overpowered against most targets and makes it inferior to most of the plane's other bomb combinations. In addition, it peculiarly does less damage against an airfield than the 4 x 1,000 kg payload, further decreasing its usefulness. Instead, use the other payloads. The stock payload of 40 x 100 kg bombs, while difficult to aim, can still be used to base bomb, simply drop 15 on a base to destroy it (remember that the first 16 are pylon mounted meaning they drop in pairs, so the first base will require only 8 presses of the bomb release button). Keep using this payload for base bombing until you unlock the 4 x 1,000 kg modification, as all the other payloads yield less damage. You can use your bombs to destroy ground targets as well, however, be sure to be high enough or use a timer so that the bomb's splash damage doesn't kill you.

Try to side climb around the main battle when going after bases - though your defensive armament is powerful, you will be an easy target for experienced players, heavy fighters, and groups of fighters that encounter you. If you see an enemy, always turn the plane to make sure the rear cannon-armed guns face the pursuer so you can focus as much of your defensive firepower on them as possible while also increasing the time you can put your guns on the target. Make sure to fire in bursts as your guns will jam if fired for too long.

Counter-tactics

When pursuing the Pe-8, try to go for a head-on - nearly all the time there is critical damage and "pilot snipes" to down the aircraft - with the added bonus that the front is the least defended area of the Pe-8. Use your mobility to do so. When in a not so optimal position, try to come up at a angle above the Pe-8 - with a sharp enough angle, you will stop the 12.7's from reaching you, and with a bit of luck, you will make it past the single 20 defending the plane.

=

Manual Engine Control

MEC elements
Mixer Pitch Radiator Supercharger Turbocharger
Oil Water Type
Controllable Not controllable Not controllable Not controllable Separate Not ontrollable Not controllable

Modules

Tier Flight performance Survivability Weaponry
I
II
III
IV

Pros and cons

Pros:

  • Largest bomb in game - the 5,000 kg FAB-5000
  • Good overall payload for its tier
  • Incredible defensive armament, third to only the G8N1 and Tu-4
  • Durable airframe - can take some damage and make it home
  • Can resist being up-tiered for a while; possible to bring in tier IV matches
  • A big step up from the Yer-2's ShKAS
  • Matchmaking can be gracious
  • Reputation - reason weaker fighters will stay low (Enemies)
  • Decent Silver Lions and Research Points earner

Cons:

  • Large, heavy, and slow
  • Poor climb rate and speed
  • Prone to very devastating fires
  • Stock bomb load is prone to missing when used for base bombing
  • Defensive turrets lack ammo and jam easily, resulting in frequent reloads that essentially leave you defenseless
  • Turrets lack armor and gunners die easily
  • Reputation - a reason fighters will climb up to bomber altitude (Enemies)
  • Frontal defensive ShKAS machine guns aren't particularly effective.
  • While coverage to the rear is pretty good, frontal coverage is poor. Aircraft coming from high altitude can avoid the defensive fire power.

History

Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ historical reference" (example: https://wiki.warthunder.com/Name-vehicles/historical reference) and add a link to it here using the main template. Be sure to include links to sources at the end of the article.

Media

An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.

Read also

Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,

  • reference to the series of the aircraft;
  • links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.

Sources

Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:

  • topic on the official game forum;
  • page on aircraft encyclopedia;
  • other literature.


USSR bombers
SB and Ar  SB 2M-100 · SB 2M-103 · SB 2M-103 MV-3 · SB 2M-103U · SB 2M-103U MV-3 · SB 2M-105 · Ar-2
Yer-2 (petrol)  Yer-2 (M-105) · Yer-2 (M-105) TAT · Yer-2 (M-105R) TAT · Yer-2 (M-105R) LU
Yer-2 (diesel)  Yer-2 (ACh-30B) (e) · Yer-2 (ACh-30B) (l)
Tu  Tu-2 · Tu-2S · Tu-2S-44 · Tu-2S-59 · Tu-4
Pe  Pe-2-1 · Pe-2-31 · Pe-2-83 · Pe-2-110 · Pe-2-205 · Pe-2-359 · Pe-8
IL  DB-3B · IL-4
  Po-2 · Po-2M · MBR-2-M-34 · TB-3M-17-32 · Yak-4 · Be-6
Lend-Lease  ▂PBY-5A Catalina · ▂Hampden TB Mk I · ▂A-20G-30 · ▂B-25J-30

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